Class: Dicotyledonae
Sub Class: Polypetalae
Series: Thalamiflorae
Order: Parietales
This family is commonly called as 'mustard family'. It includes about 300 genus and about 3700 species. The members have a cosmopolitan distribution. There are around 150 species in India.
Characteristic Features
Habit: Usually annual or perennial herbs.
Root: Taproot system.
Stem: Herbaceous, erect, branched.
Leaves: Simple, alternate, radical or cauline, usually entire, sometimes lobed, petiolate, exstipulate reticulate venation.
Inflorescence: Raceme or corymbose raceme.
Flower: Ebracteate, pedicellate, mostly actinomorphic, bisexual, heterochlamydeous, dimerous or tetramerous hypogynous.
Calyx: Sepals 4, polysepalous, in two whorls of two each imbricate aestivation.
Corolla: Petals 4, arranged in single whorl alternating with sepals, polypetalous, often with long claws and spread out to form a cross. Hence, the name cruciform corolla. Valvate aestivation.
Androecium: Stamens 6, polyandrous, arranged in two whorls of 4 and 2 (tetradynamous), outer two are short and the inner four are long, anthers bilobed, basifixed, introse.
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, initially unilocular and later bilocular, (formation of pseudoseptum), one or more ovules on parietal placentation, style short, stigma bifid, sometimes bilobed, ovary superior.
Fruit: Siliqua or silicula.
Seeds: Endospermic
fig. 27.31a Habit, floral diagram and floral formula
Common Examples
Edible
1. Brassica oleracea Has many varieties
B.oleracea var.capitata - cabbage
B.oleracea var. botrytis - knol khol
B.oleracea var. caulorapa - corm
2. Raphanus sativus - radish
3. Brassica campestris - yellow mustard seeds yield oil
Medicinal
1. Sysimbrium officinale leaves and stem used in curing scurvy.
2. Nasturtium indica seeds are used for treating asthma.
3. Eruca sativa oil extracted from the plant used for treating burns.
4. Lepidium sativum seeds are used for treating liver disorders.
Ornamental
1. Iberis amara (candy tuft)
2. Cheiranthus sp.
fig. 27.32 Examples of Family Brassicaceae
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Angiosperm Families
Introduction
Family Poaceae (Graminae)
Family Liliaceae
Family Fabaceae
Sub Family Papillionatae (= Faboideae)
Sub Family: Caesalpiniodeae (Caesalpinae)
Sub Family: Mimosae (Mimosoidae)
Family Brassicaceae (= Cruciferae)
Family Solanaceae
Family Asteraceae
Subjects
English
Math
Geometry
Algebra
Number Theory
Discrete Mathematics
Boolean Algebra
Trigonometry
Statistics and Probability
Calculus
Physics
Science
Statistics
Biology
Chemistry
Saturday, January 31, 2009
solanaceae
Division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Sub Class: Gamopetalae
Series: Bicarpellatae
Order: Tubiflorae
Family: Solanaceae
Solanaceae is commonly called as 'Brinjal family'. It includes about 90 genera and 2000 species. Members have a cosmopolitan distribution. There are around 60 species found in India.
Characteristic Features
Habit: Mostly annual herbs (Solanum nigrum), undershrubs (Solanum melongena). Some are shrubs (Solanum torvum) rarely trees (Solanum grandiflorum) and climbers (Solanum seaforthianum).
fig. 27.33 Habit and L.S. of flower of Solanum nigrum
fig. 27.34 Solanum nigrum
Root: Taproot, branched.
Stem: Herbaceous or woody, branched, often with prickles.
Leaves: Simple, alternate, sometimes pinnately divided into unequal lobes, exstipulate.
Inflorescence: Cymose. Often solitary cyme.
Flower: Ebracteate, actinomorphic, bisexual, pedicellate, heterochlamydeous, hypogynous.
Calyx: Sepals 5, gamosepalous, persistent (in the fruit condition also) valvate aestivation.
Corolla: Petals 5, gamopetalous, rotate or companulate or bilabiate (Schizanthus) or infundibuliform (Datura). Twisted or valvate aestivation.
fig. 27.35 Datura
Androecium: Stamens 5, epipetalous.
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular or tetralocular due to pseudoseptum. Many ovules on axile placentation. Ovary superior, Obliquely placed.
Fruit: Berry or capsule.
Seed: Endospermic.
fig. 27.36 Floral parts, floral diagram and floral formula
Common Examples
Edible
1. Solanum tuberosum potato
2. Solanum melongena brinjal
3. Lycopersicum esculentum tomato
4. Capsicum annum red chilli
5. Physalis peruviana Raspberry.
Medicinal
1. Atropa belladona used for making belladona plasters. Atropine is a medicinal extract.
2. Hyoscyamus niger henbane used as sedative
3. Withania somnifera Ashwagandha used as an aphrodisiac.
4. Datura stromanium used as sedative and intoxicant.
Ornamental
1. Cestum nocturnum night queen or night jasmine
2. Petunia
3. Browalia
Others
1. Nicotiana tobaccum cured leaves used as tobacco, contains nicotine.
fig. 27.37 Examples of Family Solanaceae
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Angiosperm Families
Introduction
Family Poaceae (Graminae)
Family Liliaceae
Family Fabaceae
Sub Family Papillionatae (= Faboideae)
Sub Family: Caesalpiniodeae (Caesalpinae)
Sub Family: Mimosae (Mimosoidae)
Family Brassicaceae (= Cruciferae)
Family Solanaceae
Family Asteraceae
Subjects
English
Math
Geometry
Algebra
Number Theory
Discrete Mathematics
Boolean Algebra
Trigonometry
Statistics and Probability
Calculus
Physics
Science
Statistics
Biology
Chemistry
Class: Dicotyledonae
Sub Class: Gamopetalae
Series: Bicarpellatae
Order: Tubiflorae
Family: Solanaceae
Solanaceae is commonly called as 'Brinjal family'. It includes about 90 genera and 2000 species. Members have a cosmopolitan distribution. There are around 60 species found in India.
Characteristic Features
Habit: Mostly annual herbs (Solanum nigrum), undershrubs (Solanum melongena). Some are shrubs (Solanum torvum) rarely trees (Solanum grandiflorum) and climbers (Solanum seaforthianum).
fig. 27.33 Habit and L.S. of flower of Solanum nigrum
fig. 27.34 Solanum nigrum
Root: Taproot, branched.
Stem: Herbaceous or woody, branched, often with prickles.
Leaves: Simple, alternate, sometimes pinnately divided into unequal lobes, exstipulate.
Inflorescence: Cymose. Often solitary cyme.
Flower: Ebracteate, actinomorphic, bisexual, pedicellate, heterochlamydeous, hypogynous.
Calyx: Sepals 5, gamosepalous, persistent (in the fruit condition also) valvate aestivation.
Corolla: Petals 5, gamopetalous, rotate or companulate or bilabiate (Schizanthus) or infundibuliform (Datura). Twisted or valvate aestivation.
fig. 27.35 Datura
Androecium: Stamens 5, epipetalous.
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular or tetralocular due to pseudoseptum. Many ovules on axile placentation. Ovary superior, Obliquely placed.
Fruit: Berry or capsule.
Seed: Endospermic.
fig. 27.36 Floral parts, floral diagram and floral formula
Common Examples
Edible
1. Solanum tuberosum potato
2. Solanum melongena brinjal
3. Lycopersicum esculentum tomato
4. Capsicum annum red chilli
5. Physalis peruviana Raspberry.
Medicinal
1. Atropa belladona used for making belladona plasters. Atropine is a medicinal extract.
2. Hyoscyamus niger henbane used as sedative
3. Withania somnifera Ashwagandha used as an aphrodisiac.
4. Datura stromanium used as sedative and intoxicant.
Ornamental
1. Cestum nocturnum night queen or night jasmine
2. Petunia
3. Browalia
Others
1. Nicotiana tobaccum cured leaves used as tobacco, contains nicotine.
fig. 27.37 Examples of Family Solanaceae
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Angiosperm Families
Introduction
Family Poaceae (Graminae)
Family Liliaceae
Family Fabaceae
Sub Family Papillionatae (= Faboideae)
Sub Family: Caesalpiniodeae (Caesalpinae)
Sub Family: Mimosae (Mimosoidae)
Family Brassicaceae (= Cruciferae)
Family Solanaceae
Family Asteraceae
Subjects
English
Math
Geometry
Algebra
Number Theory
Discrete Mathematics
Boolean Algebra
Trigonometry
Statistics and Probability
Calculus
Physics
Science
Statistics
Biology
Chemistry
papilionatae
perennial herbs and shrubs, trees are also common. Some are climbers (Pisum, Lathyrus).
fig. 27.17 Habit, L.S. of flower of Pisum sativum
fig. 27.18 Lathyrus and Pisum
Root: Branched taproot, usually with nodules containing bacteria of genus Rhizobium.
Stem: Herbaceous or woody, branched.
Leaf: Simple or compound, alternate, stipulate, leaf base is pulvinate.
Inflorescence: Racemose, simple or compound.
Flower: Bracteate, zygomorphic, bisexual, pedicellate, heterochlamydeous, pentamerous, hypogynous.
fig. 27.19 Flower
Calyx: Sepals 5, gamosepalous, hairy, valvate or imbricate aestivation.
Corolla: Petals 5, polypetalous, papillionaceous, with a standard (vexillum) petal, two wing petals (Alae) and two keel petals (carinae). Vexillary aestivation.
Androecium: Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous, anthers dithecous.
fig.27.20 Androecium
Gynoecium: Monocarpellary, unilocular with ovules on marginal placentation. Ovary superior.
fig. 27.21 Gynoecium and TS of ovary
Fruit: A legume or lomentum.
Seed: Large, Non-endospermic
fig.27.22 L.S. of fruit and seeds
fig.27.23 Floral diagram
Floral formula
Common Examples
Pulses
1. Pisum sativum (pea)
2. Dolichos lablab (country bean)
3. Dolichos biflorus (horse gram)
4. Phaseolus mungo (black gram)
5. Phaseolus radiatus (green gram)
6. Cajanus cajan (red gram)
7. Glycine max (soya bean)
8. Cicer arientium (bengal gram)
Oil Yielding
1. Arachis hypogea (ground nut)
2. Pongamia pinnata (Pongam oil)
Timber Yielding
1. Dalbergia latifolia (Rosewood)
2. Dalbergia sisso (Sissoo)
Fibre Yielding
1. Crotolaria juncea (Sun hemp)
Medicinal
1. Clitoria ternatea used as antidote for snake bite in traditional practice of snake bite.
2. Desomodium gangeticus for curing cough and asthma.
Others
1. Indigofera tinctorea dye yielding (the famous of indigo of commerce)
2. Abrus precatorius Mature seeds sand used as weights by gold smiths in the past.
3. Butea monosperma ornamental plant, used for making eating plates.
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Angiosperm Families
Introduction
Family Poaceae (Graminae)
Family Liliaceae
Family Fabaceae
Sub Family Papillionatae (= Faboideae)
Sub Family: Caesalpiniodeae (Caesalpinae)
Sub Family: Mimosae (Mimosoidae)
Family Brassicaceae (= Cruciferae)
Family Solanaceae
Family Asteraceae
SubjectsEnglishMathGeometry
AlgebraNumber TheoryDiscrete Mathematics
Boolean AlgebraTrigonometryStatistics and Probability
CalculusPhysicsScience
StatisticsBiologyChemistry
Home About Us Press Room Contact Us Teaching Jobs Privacy Policy Help Site Map Terms Of Use Essay Grading Library Programs
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fig. 27.17 Habit, L.S. of flower of Pisum sativum
fig. 27.18 Lathyrus and Pisum
Root: Branched taproot, usually with nodules containing bacteria of genus Rhizobium.
Stem: Herbaceous or woody, branched.
Leaf: Simple or compound, alternate, stipulate, leaf base is pulvinate.
Inflorescence: Racemose, simple or compound.
Flower: Bracteate, zygomorphic, bisexual, pedicellate, heterochlamydeous, pentamerous, hypogynous.
fig. 27.19 Flower
Calyx: Sepals 5, gamosepalous, hairy, valvate or imbricate aestivation.
Corolla: Petals 5, polypetalous, papillionaceous, with a standard (vexillum) petal, two wing petals (Alae) and two keel petals (carinae). Vexillary aestivation.
Androecium: Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous, anthers dithecous.
fig.27.20 Androecium
Gynoecium: Monocarpellary, unilocular with ovules on marginal placentation. Ovary superior.
fig. 27.21 Gynoecium and TS of ovary
Fruit: A legume or lomentum.
Seed: Large, Non-endospermic
fig.27.22 L.S. of fruit and seeds
fig.27.23 Floral diagram
Floral formula
Common Examples
Pulses
1. Pisum sativum (pea)
2. Dolichos lablab (country bean)
3. Dolichos biflorus (horse gram)
4. Phaseolus mungo (black gram)
5. Phaseolus radiatus (green gram)
6. Cajanus cajan (red gram)
7. Glycine max (soya bean)
8. Cicer arientium (bengal gram)
Oil Yielding
1. Arachis hypogea (ground nut)
2. Pongamia pinnata (Pongam oil)
Timber Yielding
1. Dalbergia latifolia (Rosewood)
2. Dalbergia sisso (Sissoo)
Fibre Yielding
1. Crotolaria juncea (Sun hemp)
Medicinal
1. Clitoria ternatea used as antidote for snake bite in traditional practice of snake bite.
2. Desomodium gangeticus for curing cough and asthma.
Others
1. Indigofera tinctorea dye yielding (the famous of indigo of commerce)
2. Abrus precatorius Mature seeds sand used as weights by gold smiths in the past.
3. Butea monosperma ornamental plant, used for making eating plates.
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Angiosperm Families
Introduction
Family Poaceae (Graminae)
Family Liliaceae
Family Fabaceae
Sub Family Papillionatae (= Faboideae)
Sub Family: Caesalpiniodeae (Caesalpinae)
Sub Family: Mimosae (Mimosoidae)
Family Brassicaceae (= Cruciferae)
Family Solanaceae
Family Asteraceae
SubjectsEnglishMathGeometry
AlgebraNumber TheoryDiscrete Mathematics
Boolean AlgebraTrigonometryStatistics and Probability
CalculusPhysicsScience
StatisticsBiologyChemistry
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fabaceae
Systematic Position
Division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Sub Class: Polypetalae
Series: Calyciflorae
Order: Rosales
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)
Leguminosae is one of the largest families in dicots, including about 690 genera and nearly 18,000 species. In all the major systems of classification, the family Leguminosae has been traditionally considered to include three sub families Papillionaceae, Caesalpinae and Mimosae. On the basis of vegetative characters, it is very difficult to characterise the sub families. However, the following features, with some exception, can be considered as common to all the three subfamilies of Leguminosae.
Roots contain root nodules that harbour symbiotic, nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Leaves are compound, alternate, stipulate and pulvinate.
Inflorescence is variable form of racemose types.
Flowers are generally zygomorphic, hypogynous, heterochlamydeous, pentamerous and hypogynous.
Stamens are usually ten in number, monadelphous or diadelphous or free.
Gynoecium is monocarpellary, unilocular with marginal placentation.
Fruit is a Legume or lomentum.
Division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Sub Class: Polypetalae
Series: Calyciflorae
Order: Rosales
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)
Leguminosae is one of the largest families in dicots, including about 690 genera and nearly 18,000 species. In all the major systems of classification, the family Leguminosae has been traditionally considered to include three sub families Papillionaceae, Caesalpinae and Mimosae. On the basis of vegetative characters, it is very difficult to characterise the sub families. However, the following features, with some exception, can be considered as common to all the three subfamilies of Leguminosae.
Roots contain root nodules that harbour symbiotic, nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Leaves are compound, alternate, stipulate and pulvinate.
Inflorescence is variable form of racemose types.
Flowers are generally zygomorphic, hypogynous, heterochlamydeous, pentamerous and hypogynous.
Stamens are usually ten in number, monadelphous or diadelphous or free.
Gynoecium is monocarpellary, unilocular with marginal placentation.
Fruit is a Legume or lomentum.
graminae
Family Poaceae (Graminae)
Systematic Position
Division: Angiosperms
Class: Monocotyledonae
Family: Poaceae (Graminae) (The grass family)
It is one of the largest families in monocots consisting of 620 genera and about 6000 species. Members are cosmopolitan in distribution. Around 900 species are present in India.
Characteristic Features
Habit: Mainly herbs (annuals or perennials) or shrubs. Some are trees like (Bambusa, Dendrocalamus).
fig. 27.2 Bambusa and Dendrocalamus
Root: Adventitious, fibrous, branched or stilt (as in maize).
Stem: Underground rhizome in all perennial grasses, cylindrical, distinct nodes and internodes, herbaceous or woody.
Leaves: Alternate, simple, extipulate, sessile, leaf base forming tubular sheath, sheath open, surrounding the internodes completely, hairy or rough, linear, parallel venation.
Inflorescence: Compound spike, sessile or stalked. Each unit is called spikelet, may be a spike of spikelets (Triticum) or panicle of spikelets (Avena).
fig. 27.3 Avena and Triticum
Flower: Bracteate, bracteolate, sessile, incomplete, bisexual or unisexual (Zea mays), zygomorphic, hypogynous, homochlamydeous.
fig. 27.4 Zea mays
Perianth: Represented by membranous scales called lodicules, many (Ochlandra) or three or two or absent.
fig. 27.5
Androecium: Stamens usually three, some times six (Bambusa) rarely one (species of Fistuca). Filaments long, anthers dithecous, versatile and linear.
Gynoecium: Monocarpellary (presumed to be three of which two are aborted), unilocular, single ovule on basal placentation, style short or absent, stigma bifid, ovary superior.
Fruit: A caryopsis with pericarp completely united with the seed coat, rarely a nut (Dendrocalamus) or a berry (Bambusa).
Seed: Endospermic, with a single cotyledon called scutellum, pressed against the endosperm
Floral diagram and formula
fig. 27.6 Floral diagram and formula of male flower
fig.27.7 Floral diagram and formula of female flower
Common Examples
Cereals
1. Triticum aestivum (wheat)
2. Zea mays (Maize)
3. Oryza sativa (Rice)
4. Hordeum vulgare (Barley)
5. Avena sativum (Oat)
fig. 27.8 Examples of Cereals
Millets
1. Sorghum vulgare (Jawar)
2. Pennisetum typhoides (Bajra)
fig. 27.9 Examples of Millets
Grasses
1. Cynodon dactylon (Dog grass)
2. Andropogon muricatus (Khas grass-oil yielding)
fig. 27.10 Examples of Grasses
Paper Grasses
1. Themeda gigantia (Kapoor grass)
2. Eucaliopsis binala (Bhabar grass)
fig. 27.11 Bhabar Grass
Other
1. Bambusa vulgans. (Bamboo plant of commercial ornamental importance)
2. Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane plant)
fig. 27.12 Bamboo and Sugarcane Plants
Systematic Position
Division: Angiosperms
Class: Monocotyledonae
Family: Poaceae (Graminae) (The grass family)
It is one of the largest families in monocots consisting of 620 genera and about 6000 species. Members are cosmopolitan in distribution. Around 900 species are present in India.
Characteristic Features
Habit: Mainly herbs (annuals or perennials) or shrubs. Some are trees like (Bambusa, Dendrocalamus).
fig. 27.2 Bambusa and Dendrocalamus
Root: Adventitious, fibrous, branched or stilt (as in maize).
Stem: Underground rhizome in all perennial grasses, cylindrical, distinct nodes and internodes, herbaceous or woody.
Leaves: Alternate, simple, extipulate, sessile, leaf base forming tubular sheath, sheath open, surrounding the internodes completely, hairy or rough, linear, parallel venation.
Inflorescence: Compound spike, sessile or stalked. Each unit is called spikelet, may be a spike of spikelets (Triticum) or panicle of spikelets (Avena).
fig. 27.3 Avena and Triticum
Flower: Bracteate, bracteolate, sessile, incomplete, bisexual or unisexual (Zea mays), zygomorphic, hypogynous, homochlamydeous.
fig. 27.4 Zea mays
Perianth: Represented by membranous scales called lodicules, many (Ochlandra) or three or two or absent.
fig. 27.5
Androecium: Stamens usually three, some times six (Bambusa) rarely one (species of Fistuca). Filaments long, anthers dithecous, versatile and linear.
Gynoecium: Monocarpellary (presumed to be three of which two are aborted), unilocular, single ovule on basal placentation, style short or absent, stigma bifid, ovary superior.
Fruit: A caryopsis with pericarp completely united with the seed coat, rarely a nut (Dendrocalamus) or a berry (Bambusa).
Seed: Endospermic, with a single cotyledon called scutellum, pressed against the endosperm
Floral diagram and formula
fig. 27.6 Floral diagram and formula of male flower
fig.27.7 Floral diagram and formula of female flower
Common Examples
Cereals
1. Triticum aestivum (wheat)
2. Zea mays (Maize)
3. Oryza sativa (Rice)
4. Hordeum vulgare (Barley)
5. Avena sativum (Oat)
fig. 27.8 Examples of Cereals
Millets
1. Sorghum vulgare (Jawar)
2. Pennisetum typhoides (Bajra)
fig. 27.9 Examples of Millets
Grasses
1. Cynodon dactylon (Dog grass)
2. Andropogon muricatus (Khas grass-oil yielding)
fig. 27.10 Examples of Grasses
Paper Grasses
1. Themeda gigantia (Kapoor grass)
2. Eucaliopsis binala (Bhabar grass)
fig. 27.11 Bhabar Grass
Other
1. Bambusa vulgans. (Bamboo plant of commercial ornamental importance)
2. Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane plant)
fig. 27.12 Bamboo and Sugarcane Plants
In the description of Angiosperms, family is the most useful taxonomic unit. Ranks higher than family are not of much practical significance and are used mostly in classification systems and academic discussions. The taxonomic category genus also does not get much importance as plants are scientifically described in binomial nomenclature. Use of only the generic name isolated from the specific name may lead to confusion. The genus Solanum includes several species of which Solanum tuberosum alone represents the potato plant.
Family Poaceae (Graminae)
It is one of the largest families in monocots consisting of 620 genera and about 6000 species. Members are cosmopolitan in distribution. Around 900 species are present in India.
Family Liliaceae
It is commonly called Lily family. It includes about 250 genera and 3700 species that have a cosmopolitan distribution. Around 200 species are available in India.
Family Fabaceae
Leguminosae is one of the largest families in dicots, including about 690 genera and nearly 18,000 species. In all the major systems of classification, the family Leguminosae has been traditionally considered to include three sub families Papillionaceae, Caesalpinae and Mimosae. On the basis of vegetative characters, it is very difficult to characterise the sub families. However, the following features, with some exception, can be considered as common to all the three subfamilies of Leguminosae.
Sub Family Papillionatae (= Faboideae)
Habit: Mostly perennial herbs and shrubs, trees are also common. Some are climbers (Pisum, Lathyrus).
Sub Family: Caesalpiniodeae (Caesalpinae)
Habit: Mostly trees and shrubs, rarely herbs, some are climbers (Bauhinia).
Sub Family: Mimosae (Mimosoidae)
Habit: Herbs (Mimosa), shrubs and trees (Acacia).
Family Brassicaceae (= Cruciferae)
This family is commonly called as 'mustard family'. It includes about 300 genus and about 3700 species. The members have a cosmopolitan distribution. There are around 150 species in India.
Family Solanaceae
Solanaceae is commonly called as 'Brinjal family'. It includes about 90 genera and 2000 species. Members have a cosmopolitan distribution. There are around 60 species found in India.
Family Asteraceae
Commonly known as sunflower family. It is the largest family in dicots. It includes about 900 genera and 13,000 species. It has a cosmopolitan distribution. There are around 100 species in India.
Family Poaceae (Graminae)
It is one of the largest families in monocots consisting of 620 genera and about 6000 species. Members are cosmopolitan in distribution. Around 900 species are present in India.
Family Liliaceae
It is commonly called Lily family. It includes about 250 genera and 3700 species that have a cosmopolitan distribution. Around 200 species are available in India.
Family Fabaceae
Leguminosae is one of the largest families in dicots, including about 690 genera and nearly 18,000 species. In all the major systems of classification, the family Leguminosae has been traditionally considered to include three sub families Papillionaceae, Caesalpinae and Mimosae. On the basis of vegetative characters, it is very difficult to characterise the sub families. However, the following features, with some exception, can be considered as common to all the three subfamilies of Leguminosae.
Sub Family Papillionatae (= Faboideae)
Habit: Mostly perennial herbs and shrubs, trees are also common. Some are climbers (Pisum, Lathyrus).
Sub Family: Caesalpiniodeae (Caesalpinae)
Habit: Mostly trees and shrubs, rarely herbs, some are climbers (Bauhinia).
Sub Family: Mimosae (Mimosoidae)
Habit: Herbs (Mimosa), shrubs and trees (Acacia).
Family Brassicaceae (= Cruciferae)
This family is commonly called as 'mustard family'. It includes about 300 genus and about 3700 species. The members have a cosmopolitan distribution. There are around 150 species in India.
Family Solanaceae
Solanaceae is commonly called as 'Brinjal family'. It includes about 90 genera and 2000 species. Members have a cosmopolitan distribution. There are around 60 species found in India.
Family Asteraceae
Commonly known as sunflower family. It is the largest family in dicots. It includes about 900 genera and 13,000 species. It has a cosmopolitan distribution. There are around 100 species in India.
reptiles zx
This listing is provided as a supplement to the article "The ABC's of Animal Taxonomy." It is intended as an illustration of the modern use of traditional, or Linnaean, taxonomy, and is NOT guaranteed to be totally accurate. (In point of fact, NO taxonomy can ever be guaranteed to be totally accurate. Taxonomy involves many judgement calls, and it is highly unlikely that any two authorities on a particular subject will ever agree on all the details of any taxonomic scheme.) The scheme presented was prepared by Peter Uetz, originally with the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany, and now with the University of Washington. Some modifications were made by dlb.
I do not intend to present an equivalent cladistic taxonomy of Class Reptilia, for two reasons. First, I don't know where one can be obtained, or even if the information necessary to create one has yet been acquired for the whole class; and, second, this newsletter isn't big enough to hold one if it does exist!
-- dlb
Subclass Anapsida (Note 1)
Order Testudines (turtles)
Suborder Cryptodira
Superfamily Testudinoidea
Family Chelydridae (Snapping Turtles)
Family Emydidae (Pond Turtles/Box and Water Turtles)
Family Testudinidae (Tortoises)
Superfamily Trionychoidea
Family Dermatemydidae (River Turtles)
Family Kinosternidae (Mud and Musk Turtles)
Family Carettochelyidae (Pig-nose Turtles)
Family Trionychidae (Softshell Turtles)
Superfamily Chelonioidea
Family Cheloniidae (Sea Turtles)
Family Dermochelyidae (Leatherback Turtles)
Suborder Pleurodira
Family Pelomedusidae (Afro-American Sideneck Turtles)
Family Chelidae (Austro-American Sideneck Turtles)
Subclass Lepidosauria
Order Rhynchocephalia
Suborder Sphenodontida
Family Sphenodontidae (Tuataras)
Order Squamata ("scaled reptiles")
Suborder Sauria (lizards)
Infraorder Iguania
Family Agamidae (Agamas)
Family Chamaeleonidae (Chameleons)
Family Iguanidae (Iguanas and Spinytail Iguanas)
Family Corytophanidae (Casquehead Lizards)
Family Crotaphytidae (Collared and Leopard Lizards)
Family Hoplocercidae
Family Opluridae (Madagascar iguanids)
Family Phrynosomatidae (Earless, Spiny, Tree, Side-blotched and Horned Lizards)
Family Polychrotidae (Anoles)
Family Tropiduridae (Neotropical Ground Lizards)
Infraorder Gekkota
Family Gekkonidae (Geckoes)
Family Eublepharidae (Eyelid Geckoes)
Family Pygopodidae (Legless Lizards)
Family Dibamidae (Blind Lizards)
Infraorder Scincomorpha
Family Cordylidae (Spinytail Lizards)
Family Gerrhosauridae
Family Gymnophthalmidae (Spectacled Lizards)
Family Teiidae (Whiptails and Tegus)
Family Lacertidae (Wall Lizards)
Family Scincidae (Skinks)
Family Xantusiidae (Night Lizards)
Infraorder Diploglossa
Family Anguidae (Glass Lizards and Alligator Lizards; Lateral Fold Lizards)
Family Anniellidae (American Legless lizards)
Family Xenosauridae (Knob-scaled Lizards)
Infraorder Platynota (Varanoidea)
Family Helodermatidae (Gila Monsters)
Family Lanthanotidae (Earless Monitor lizards)
Family Varanidae (Monitor Lizards)
Suborder Serpentes (snakes)
Superfamily Typhlopoidea (Scolecophidia)
Family Anomalepidae (Dawn Blind Snakes)
Family Typhlopidae (Blind Snakes)
Family Leptotyphlopidae/Glauconiidae (Slender Blind Snakes)
Superfamily Henophidia (Boidea)
Family Aniliidae/Ilysiidae (Pipe Snakes)
Family Anomochilidae (Dwarf Pipe Snakes)
Family Boidae (Boas and Pythons)
Family Bolyeridae (Round Island Boas)
Family Cylindrophiidae (Asian Pipe Snakes)
Family Loxocemidae (Mexican Burrowing Pythons)
Family Tropidophiidae (Woodsnakes, Round Island "Boas ")
Family Uropeltidae (Short-tail Snakes)
Family Xenopeltidae (Sunbeam Snakes)
Superfamily Xenophidia (Colubroidea = Caenophidia)
Family Acrochordidae (File Snakes)
Family Atractaspididae (Mole Vipers)
Family Colubridae (Colubrids)
Family Elapidae (Cobras, Kraits, Coral Snakes)
Family Hydrophiidae (Sea Snakes)
Family Viperidae (Vipers and Pit Vipers)
Suborder Amphisbaenia (amphisbaenians)
Family Amphisbaenidae (Worm Lizards)
Family Trogonophidae (Shorthead Worm Lizards)
Family Bipedidae (Two-legged Worm Lizards)
Subclass Archosauria
Order Crocodylia
Suborder Eusuchia
Family Crocodylidae (Crocodiles)
Note 1: The taxonomic position of turtles is quite controversial at the present time. This classification represents the traditional, conservative view. (Return)Source: Modified from The EMBL Reptile Database, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), Heidelberg, Germany. (Maintained by Peter Uetz, University of Washington. Modified by dlb) Taken off the Web, at <http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/LivingReptiles.html>.
I do not intend to present an equivalent cladistic taxonomy of Class Reptilia, for two reasons. First, I don't know where one can be obtained, or even if the information necessary to create one has yet been acquired for the whole class; and, second, this newsletter isn't big enough to hold one if it does exist!
-- dlb
Subclass Anapsida (Note 1)
Order Testudines (turtles)
Suborder Cryptodira
Superfamily Testudinoidea
Family Chelydridae (Snapping Turtles)
Family Emydidae (Pond Turtles/Box and Water Turtles)
Family Testudinidae (Tortoises)
Superfamily Trionychoidea
Family Dermatemydidae (River Turtles)
Family Kinosternidae (Mud and Musk Turtles)
Family Carettochelyidae (Pig-nose Turtles)
Family Trionychidae (Softshell Turtles)
Superfamily Chelonioidea
Family Cheloniidae (Sea Turtles)
Family Dermochelyidae (Leatherback Turtles)
Suborder Pleurodira
Family Pelomedusidae (Afro-American Sideneck Turtles)
Family Chelidae (Austro-American Sideneck Turtles)
Subclass Lepidosauria
Order Rhynchocephalia
Suborder Sphenodontida
Family Sphenodontidae (Tuataras)
Order Squamata ("scaled reptiles")
Suborder Sauria (lizards)
Infraorder Iguania
Family Agamidae (Agamas)
Family Chamaeleonidae (Chameleons)
Family Iguanidae (Iguanas and Spinytail Iguanas)
Family Corytophanidae (Casquehead Lizards)
Family Crotaphytidae (Collared and Leopard Lizards)
Family Hoplocercidae
Family Opluridae (Madagascar iguanids)
Family Phrynosomatidae (Earless, Spiny, Tree, Side-blotched and Horned Lizards)
Family Polychrotidae (Anoles)
Family Tropiduridae (Neotropical Ground Lizards)
Infraorder Gekkota
Family Gekkonidae (Geckoes)
Family Eublepharidae (Eyelid Geckoes)
Family Pygopodidae (Legless Lizards)
Family Dibamidae (Blind Lizards)
Infraorder Scincomorpha
Family Cordylidae (Spinytail Lizards)
Family Gerrhosauridae
Family Gymnophthalmidae (Spectacled Lizards)
Family Teiidae (Whiptails and Tegus)
Family Lacertidae (Wall Lizards)
Family Scincidae (Skinks)
Family Xantusiidae (Night Lizards)
Infraorder Diploglossa
Family Anguidae (Glass Lizards and Alligator Lizards; Lateral Fold Lizards)
Family Anniellidae (American Legless lizards)
Family Xenosauridae (Knob-scaled Lizards)
Infraorder Platynota (Varanoidea)
Family Helodermatidae (Gila Monsters)
Family Lanthanotidae (Earless Monitor lizards)
Family Varanidae (Monitor Lizards)
Suborder Serpentes (snakes)
Superfamily Typhlopoidea (Scolecophidia)
Family Anomalepidae (Dawn Blind Snakes)
Family Typhlopidae (Blind Snakes)
Family Leptotyphlopidae/Glauconiidae (Slender Blind Snakes)
Superfamily Henophidia (Boidea)
Family Aniliidae/Ilysiidae (Pipe Snakes)
Family Anomochilidae (Dwarf Pipe Snakes)
Family Boidae (Boas and Pythons)
Family Bolyeridae (Round Island Boas)
Family Cylindrophiidae (Asian Pipe Snakes)
Family Loxocemidae (Mexican Burrowing Pythons)
Family Tropidophiidae (Woodsnakes, Round Island "Boas ")
Family Uropeltidae (Short-tail Snakes)
Family Xenopeltidae (Sunbeam Snakes)
Superfamily Xenophidia (Colubroidea = Caenophidia)
Family Acrochordidae (File Snakes)
Family Atractaspididae (Mole Vipers)
Family Colubridae (Colubrids)
Family Elapidae (Cobras, Kraits, Coral Snakes)
Family Hydrophiidae (Sea Snakes)
Family Viperidae (Vipers and Pit Vipers)
Suborder Amphisbaenia (amphisbaenians)
Family Amphisbaenidae (Worm Lizards)
Family Trogonophidae (Shorthead Worm Lizards)
Family Bipedidae (Two-legged Worm Lizards)
Subclass Archosauria
Order Crocodylia
Suborder Eusuchia
Family Crocodylidae (Crocodiles)
Note 1: The taxonomic position of turtles is quite controversial at the present time. This classification represents the traditional, conservative view. (Return)Source: Modified from The EMBL Reptile Database, EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), Heidelberg, Germany. (Maintained by Peter Uetz, University of Washington. Modified by dlb) Taken off the Web, at <http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/LivingReptiles.html>.
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